Short Message Reliability Of Mobile Networks - 827 Words

Short-Message Reliability in Mobile Networks Daniel Kim Allan Suyao Graduate Student Graduate Student CSU Long Beach CSU Long Beach Abstract The use of short-messaging systems (SMS) is becoming more mainstream due to the exponential increase in cell phone usage and other mobile devices. From messages sent through Twitter to emergency notifications broadcast through mobile networks, the short-messaging systems is becoming more ubiquitous. In our paper, we will present the modeling approach for SMS that will lead to the Simple-Reliability Model and the Advanced Analytical Model. We will use the NS-2 Simulator to simulate the output that consists of a server and numerous mobile nodes. We will compare the analytical models to our simulation results. Key Words: Analytical models, mobile technology, wireless networks 1. Introduction Short messages sent from mobile devices to other mobile devices are an essential way of instant communication. The use of applications that rely on short-messaging such as Twitter allow fixed line and mobile phone devices to exchange short text messages. It is estimated that approximately 3.5 billion mobile phone subscribers use SMS data applications. From 2010 to 2012, over six trillion text messages were sent. This translates to an average of nearly 200,000 SMS text messages sent per second [3]. The nodes used in short-messaging systems include the user equipment (UE) such asShow MoreRelatedRoad Traffic And Dynamic Nature Of Road Conditions An Intelligent Transportation System1422 Words   |  6 PagesProject Proposal Project Title: Towards Efficient security in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks 1. Abstract: With ever increasing on road traffic and dynamic nature of road conditions an intelligent transportation system (ITS) is essential. Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETS) takes the responsibility in implementing ITS and is a promising communication scenario for traffic management and safety. VANETs possess unique characteristics like high mobility of nodes, rapid change in the neighbor nodes, stringentRead MoreImportance Of Wireless Access In Vehicular Communication1268 Words   |  6 PagesWAVE standard safety messages are broadcast or exchanged between all involved mobiles at the rate of 1 to 10 Hz. However, in a congested environment, Broadcast Storm (BSt) problem naturally occurs and exhausts the available channel bandwidth thereby rendering exchange and sharing of vital information impossible. In our recent work, the Dynamic Broadcast Storm Mitigation Algorithm (DBSMA) proved to be a good candidate for BSt problem mitigation for Cooperative Awareness Messages (CAMs) only. In theRea d MoreEssay Network Topologies1390 Words   |  6 PagesTopology refers to the physical or logical shape or layout of a network. Communication between different nodes within a network is determined by its topology. 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One of the most important challenges of this kind of network are the timely, safely and reliable dissemination of messages between vehicular nodes which permits the driversRead MoreThe Impact Of Media On New Media1313 Words   |  6 Pagesinto electronic information age.The ways and channels of information propagation are totally different.Several years ago,people received information and news through paper-based media,like newspapers,magazines and books.Owing to the appearance of mobile phones and IPADs,people can look through news easily and conveniently,paper-based media need to innovate and reform.This assignment will present the status quo of paper-based media,it will e xplain the combination of new media and paper-based mediaRead MoreTypes of Computer Networks1332 Words   |  5 PagesNetworks can be broadly classified into two types: 1. Wired networks 2. Wireless networks Some of the drawbacks of the wired networks had brought the â€Å"wireless networks† into the picture. Wireless operations permit services, such as long-range communications, that are impossible or impractical to implement with the use of wires. The term is commonly used in the telecommunications industry to refer to telecommunications systems (e.g. radio transmitters and receivers, remote controls etc.) which useRead MoreCar Communication System3128 Words   |  13 PagesSafety and Security CAR-2-X Communication for Safety and Infotainment in Europe Dr. Andreas Festag, Roberto Baldessari, Dr. Wenhui Zhang Dr. Long Le, Amardeo Sarma, Masatoshi Fukukawa Abstract Vehicular communication based on short-range wireless technology opens up novel applications improving road safety and travel comfort. Ad hoc networking enables a direct communication among cars as well as between cars and road-side communication devices. Geocast is an ad hoc routing scheme which is specificallyRead MoreCar Communication System3141 Words   |  13 PagesSafety and Security CAR-2-X Communication for Safety and Infotainment in Europe Dr. Andreas Festag, Roberto Baldessari, Dr. Wenhui Zhang Dr. Long Le, Amardeo Sarma, Masatoshi Fukukawa Abstract Vehicular communication based on short-range wireless technology opens up novel applications improving road safety and travel comfort. Ad hoc networking enables a direct communication among cars as well as between cars and road-side communication devices. Geocast is an ad hoc routing scheme which is specificallyRead MoreNokia- Swot Analysis1331 Words   |  6 Pagesmajor business. Nokia Corporation (Nokia) is based at Finland. By 1998, Nokia becomes the world’s biggest mobile phone manufacturer. Its focus on telecommunications and its early initiative in GSM technologies made it the leader in mobile phones. Till 1991, company had exported to Europe, Nordic countries and Soviet Union. More than a quarter of its turnover still came from sales in Finland. But after the strategic changeRead MoreMobile Cloud Technology And Technology2556 Words   |  11 PagesAbstract— the great emergence of mobile cloud computing has gained lots of interest in these recent years. Mobile cloud computing consists of mobile devices and cloud computing offering mobile cloud environment by using a huge number of different mobile devices. Any device uses mobility such as laptops, tablets, and smart phones is considered as a mobile device. Due to the great improvement of wireless networks like 4G and the expansion of use of mobile device, many researchers are interested to

Employability Of India Essay - 744 Words

How Employability of IT Graduates can be Increased in India A large number of IT companies complain that over two-thirds of IT graduates are unemployable because of which they have a hard time filling the vacant positions and suffer from high attrition. Why is supply unable to meet demand although the former is bigger than latter? The answer to this question suggests the solution to the problem, but ironically, the majority of engineering colleges in India often prefer to skip this question or sound ambiguous while expressing their thoughts. Rather, institutes are more concerned about knowledge sharing rather than career building. The knowledge and skills they impart to their students hardly cater the needs of industries and corporate,†¦show more content†¦How can quality IT education be imparted to a large number of students? Yes, this is true that a large number of institutions are unable to cater to the growing demands of the IT sector. The main reason of failure is the lack of quality faculty in many institutes. Most of the institutes do not provide good financial compensation to attract a good faculty. Secondly, poor infrastructure and under-developed labs further spoil the learning of IT students. Small institutes should involve part-time visiting faculties from other top-notch institutions and also call upon professionals from the industry to train their students. They should also actively look to get their students to intern at leading IT companies to enrich their skills. They should redevelop their curriculums with equal emphasis to theory and practice. On the other hand, students should apply for comprehensive academic courses, where in addition to theory, they must bag opportunities to work hands-on with real-world applications in the IT sector. Latest trend of open learning through MOOC Online courses require a lot of self-discipline and most of the students who are enrolled in a degree course do not benefit from online courses. Institutes may complement their general coursework with a specialised online course with an industry expert. So, online should be a supplement to university education, especially used to develop niche skills. Arrival of foreign universities in India TheShow MoreRelatedLiberalization And The Economic Growth2232 Words   |  9 Pagesreforms marks 25 years this year. Debates continues on whether growth precede or followed liberalization. India has experienced unprecedented growth over the past three decades. However this growth has co-existed with increase in inequality, unemployment across the country as certain regions, sectors and social groups have disproportionately benefitted from the growth. At least 38 percent in India continue to live below the national poverty lines (Ruparelia et al 2010). 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Bullying in Nursing Free Essays

Bullying In Nursing Cassandra Owens Recently, during one of our weekend shifts, the unit was almost to capacity with each nurse having the max number of patients we were allowed to have. Our sister unit is the unit that gets our over flow once we are no longer able to accept any more patients. The charge nurse was a young Army Lieutenant and new to being a charge nurse. We will write a custom essay sample on Bullying in Nursing or any similar topic only for you Order Now When the nursing supervisor called to notify us of another admission, the charge nurse informed her that although we were able to accept two more patients, our sister unit only had five patients. She then asked if the other patients could be directed to the other unit. The supervisor proceeded to yell at her so loud over the phone that we could hear it, stating she would take any admission she directed towards her. Just because she was a new Lieutenant it would behoove her to mind her own floor. Our head nurse was notified and she spoke with the supervisor, but the damage had been done. The nurse is now very hesitant when she has to be charge and tries to change shifts so she will not have to do it. Bullying has been receiving a mass amount of attention due to recent horrible acts that have been committed against individuals who are considered helpless and/or weak. From psychological damage to physical harm or even death, bullying is a phenomenon that can be damaging to an individual, group or community. This fact holds true on the professional side as well. Bullying in the nursing profession has been increasingly reported over the past decade. Although bullying behaviors are unfortunately common acts committed by physicians, patients, and patient’s families, nurses also engage in bullying of their colleagues. With this recent increase, it is important to understand the ethical and legal issues associated with this behavior. Considering that the nursing profession has topped the list of the most honest and ethical professions for eleven years in a row, it is concerning that nurses would engage in behaviors that have been described as humiliating, intimidating, threatening, or demeaning aimed at their own colleagues (Matt, 2012). There are detailed codes of ethics in place that are supposed to provide guidelines for moral character. Yet, espite these guidelines, nurses engage in the aforementioned behaviors targeting their subordinates and peers. What Is Bullying/Workplace Bullying? Bullying is known by many names; aggression, incivility, mobbing, horizontal or lateral violence and intimidation are some of the synonyms that are associated with the term (Murray, 2009). Workplace bullying is a serious issue affecting the nursing profession. It is defined as any type of repetitive abuse in whi ch the victim of bullying behavior suffers verbal abuse, threats or behaviors by the perpetrator that interfere with his or her job performance (Murray, 2009). Often, workplace bullying involves abuse and/or misuse or power and authority within an organization. Bullying behaviors create feelings of defenselessness in the victim and significantly demoralize his or her right to dignity in the workplace (Murray, 2009). Looking back at the example in the introduction, after the nurse spoke with others who have been charge and had to deal with the supervisor, it was found that many of the other nurses were treated the same way. The supervisor only spoke and behaved that way to nurses who were new to the charge nurse position. As it is a requirement for military nurses to act as charge nurse in order to get leadership experience, the supervisor liked to target the newer nurses because she could intimidate them. Nursing leaders must be able to work with others to achieve common goals and be able to assess and develop new opportunities for nurses (Finkelman, 2012). This supervisor creates such a hostile and uncomfortable environment the nurses were hesitant to approach her for any type of guidance for fear of being belittled. Ethical and Legal Considerations There are several ethical principals, virtues of moral character and codes that are violated by nurses who engage in bullying behaviors. One principal is nonmaleficence, which is defined as requiring one to not engage in infliction of evil or harm on another (Matt, 2012). Since bullying behaviors have the specific intent of humiliating and demeaning another, nurses who bully others violate this principle. Justice is another principle that has many descriptions, but the most basic is fair treatment of all. All workers have a right to a safe and healthy work environment thus bullying behaviors violate the principle of justice. Bullying behavior also violate moral virtues that are associated with nursing. Discernment is the ability to make fitting judgments and reach decisions without being unduly influenced by fears (Matt, 2012). This virtue was definitely violated by my nursing supervisor. Nurses who bully also violate the virtues of compassion, integrity, and conscience; all characteristics that show the nurse demonstrate weak moral character as well as weak Christian values and characteristics. There are two ethical codes that are violated by nurses who participate in bullying behaviors. The first is the International Council of Nurses (ICN) Code of Ethics for Nurses (Matt, 2012). There are many elements that the code addresses, but when pertain to bullying, the code that is violated pertains to nurses and coworkers. It states that, â€Å"the nurse sustains a cooperative relationship with coworkers in nursing and other fields† (Matt, 2012). Of course, the ANA Code of ethics is violated; specifically provision six which states that, â€Å"the nurse participates in establishing, maintaining and improving healthcare environments and conditions of employment†¦. through individual and collective action† (Finkelman, 2012). Bullying behaviors once again defeat these purposes. Although there are currently no laws in the US specifically targeting workplace bullying, as of May 2011, 16 bills addressing the issue were active in 11 states (The Healthy Workplace Campaign) (Matt, 2012). Violations are also addressed under the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA). Violations of these regulations may result in citations and penalties ranging from temporary closure of a business to fines up to $70,000 per incident if an employer willfully or repeatedly violates the requirements (Matt, 2012). Not only is the employer subject to legal consequences, but the nurse who does the bullying can and will be held accountable as well. No one should be subjected to this type of difficulty while at work. Conclusion Healthcare leaders have a responsibility to employees and the public to provide work environments that are free from abuse and harassment When workplace bullying has been identified it is up to leaders to take appropriate action to ensure the abuse stops, the person is held accountable and steps are taken to ensure it does not happen again. Bullying not only affects the healthcare providers who are being targeted, but it affects the healthcare organizations as well. It is reported that bullying in the workplace can cost over $4 billion a year (Murray, 2009). It contributes to increased work dissatisfaction, absence from work and work-related injuries. Hospital administrators, human resource manages and nurse managers must educate themselves to ensure they have a clear understanding of their own responsibilities for providing a safe work environment. Individual nurses must educate themselves as well and not stand for bullying nor participate in bullying behavior. I believe nursing is a blessing and a gift from God; an artistic ability that not everyone is capable of doing. When a person decides to that advantage of this gift and blessing, it is disrespectful to the characteristics of God, which, if studied closely, are directly aligned with the virtues of nursing. I feel the following versus are direct words from God that hold us accountable for our behavior when it comes to nursing and taking care of others, be it our patients or our coworkers: 1 John 3:17 â€Å"But whoever has the world’s goods, and beholds his brother in need and closes his heart against him, how does the love of God abide in him? ; Philippians 2:4 â€Å"do not merely look out for your own personal interests, but also for the interests of others. †; and Galatians 6:10 â€Å"So then, while we have opportunity, let us do good to all men, and especially to those who are of the household of the faith. † (Society, 1999). How can we say we love God, yet do our fellow man wrong? We have to take a close look in the mirror daily and seek God’s guidance to direct our paths, because if what we do is not pleasing to God, it’s all being done in vain. References Finkelman, A. 2012). Leadership and management for nurses: Core competencies for quality care (2nd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Matt, S. B. (2012). Ehtical and legal issues associated with bullying in the nursing profession. Journal of Nursing Law, 9-13. Murray, J. S. (2009). Workplace bullying in nursing: A problem that can’t be ignored. Medsurg Nursing, 273-6. Society, I. B. (1999). Comparative Study Bible: King James Version, Amplified Bible, New American Standard, New International Version. Grand Rapids: Zondervan. How to cite Bullying in Nursing, Papers

History Palestinian Liberation Organization 1. Can The Palestine Liber Essay Example For Students

History Palestinian Liberation Organization 1. Can The Palestine Liber Essay History Palestinian Liberation Organization 1.Can the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) justifiably claim to be the sole, legitimate representative of the Palestinian people.?The PLO was set up in 1964 by an Arab League decision in response to growing signs of Palestinian unrest. The Palestinians desired to reclaim the lands occupied by Israel, which they felt belonged to them, as said in the Bible. In 1964 the Arab states created the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). While it was supposed to represent the Palestinians, in reality it represented the views of President Nasser of Egypt, who guided the formation of the PLO. Its first leader made wild and irresponsible threats to drive Israelis into the sea, and had little support among Palestinians for he was seen as a puppet of the Egyptians. In the 1960s Palestinian students began to form their own organizations independent of control by Arab governments (although the Syrians, Libyans, and Iraqis continued to fund and con trol particular groups). Yasser Arafat founded an independent Palestinian-run party called Fatah. He is said to have the backing, for most of the recent past, of about 80% of the Palestinian people. The position of the Arab governments was that a PLO under Arab League supervision would be the best way of satisfying the demands made by an emerging Palestinian national consciousness. Also, it was felt that through such an organization Arab governments could control Palestinian political activities.Ten years after its founding, the PLO was raised to the status of government. And in 1988, the PLOs status was to be raised again, this time to a state in exile. After several negotiations, Arafat became a Terrorist leader and administrator of self-rule in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.In the 1967 Six Day War, the Arab armies did very badly against Israel, losing 67,000 square kilometres of land. Palestinians came to believe that if they were ever to have their land, they would have to do it themselves. After the 1967 war, the situation changed drastically. The resistance activities of various guerrilla organizations, in particular the Al-Fatah and the PFLP, gained the increasing support of the Palestinians. With Arafat at the helm from 1969 and a resistance-oriented leadership, the PLO was more effective and played a central role in mobilizing the Palestinians and in expanding its basis of support both at the local and international level. The PLO became an umbrella organization for the various guerrilla groups.This increase in support was made possible because of the Al-Fatahs ability to access to the growing numbers of volunteers from refugee camps which were freshly swollen due to the 1967 war. Most of these refugees suffered the frustration of having been displaced twice in a lifetime. This generated, especially among the young, a mood of defiance, as they were ready to question the credibility of the idea of relying on Arab governments to liberate Palestine. F urthermore, as a consequence of the war a large proportion of the Palestinian community became territorially united. This brought the possibility of direct interaction between the various sections of the Palestinian community that had previously remained isolated from each other. On the other hand, the inability of the PLOs conservative leadership to promote any effective resistance operations culminated in the eventual transfer of power to the armed-struggle orientated guerrilla organizations.Thus initially, the PLO had a broad base of support and represented the desires of the majority of the Palestinian people.The origins of the Al-Fatah can be traced back to the mid-1950s to a group of Palestinians that had neither relinquished their national identity nor their belief in the necessity of liberating Palestine via Palestinian means, rather than relying on other Arab states. Yet, throughout the 1950s the attitude of the Palestinians remained largely skeptical if not uncommitted to Al-Faiths ideology. It was in the 1960s that the situation began to change, enabling Al-Fatah to expand its organizational structure and base. Under the leadership of Arafat, Al-Fatah pursued an ideology which simply stresses the nationalist struggle to liberate Palestine without dwelling too deeply on any theoretical speculations about the nature and form of the future Palestinian society. This tactic was essential in gaining support against other movements, and aided the rise of Al-Fatah to become the dominating faction within the PLO.Militarily, the PLO has a broad base of human resources for recruitment, almost half a million. The PLO has established across-the-board conscription for all the Palestinian men between the ages of 18 and 30. As a result, the PLO is able to maintain three military forces. It could be said then that physically, it did indeed represent a cross-section of the population. However, even if they were significant in number, these lower-level members were no t politically potent, and did not have their voices heard. Arafat continued on his policies, tending to brush aside differing opinions, leaving many disenchanted with his autocratic rule.Even before the PLO was declared a state in 1988, it functioned much like one. This was reflected in much of the powers it possessed. The PLO has been able to exert what amounts to sovereign powers over the Palestinian people in war situations. The PLO represented the Palestinians in wars with Jordan and Lebanon, and during various incursions into Israel.The PLO also exercises extradition powers, as on many occasions Arab governments have turned over to the PLO Palestinians charged with criminal activities. They were tried and sentenced by the PLO judicial system. In these ways, it was supposed to represent the people.But various problems within the PLO undermined its legitimacy as the sole representative of the Palestinian people. Arafats ascendancy to power on the Palestinian issue had naturally p rovoked rivals to try the same tack in their own interest. As a result, maintenance of his supremacy within the PLO became Arafats full time preoccupation.Far from laying the basis for secular or democratic institutions that one day might serve as a nation, Arafat recruited Sumni Muslims like himself into a body known as Fatah, loyal to him on confessional lines The Hungarian Edition Of Cosmopolitan Essay