How Society Views Mental Health Changed over Time

School of Health and Social C argon psychology of Health and ailment unit Observational record template What happened Initial judgments Whilst at naturalise I saw the curb take bloods from a long- allowing which was a monthly workaday for the tolerant of it has al ways gone ok and the unhurried has been fine with having her bloods taken onwards. The nurse told the patient it wouldnt woe at all. Something happened whereby the nurse couldnt piddle the blood and had to re-attempt the procedure.The patient in addition experienced some pain during this procedure which she wasnt expecting, the patient found this a quite traumatic experience The patient was elderly and appeared confused. The patient became spooky and next time a blood test was due became to a greater extent(prenominal) and more worried and reluctant to commence the procedure. She appeared frightened of the harass What happened My initial thought was why did the procedure not go to plan and why did the pa tient re guess in the way she did.The previous procedure was fine and she knew what it baffling she had her arm out ready for her bloods to be taken, she thought it wouldnt hurt because it has always gone ok for her with minimal di dialect and pain so she wouldnt be expecting that experience. Now the conduct has falsifyd and nurtures di stress when she sees the nurse with the needle. another(prenominal) thought would be is she afraid of the nurse or the needle. Does the patient spirit under pressure now to drop her bloods taken. Initial thoughts One of my family members called whitethorn has lost both of her sons in the same year a few years ago they were both identical twin.This caused her to feel very low-toned and had break down depressed whilst grieving for her sons. Her husband has recently become incapacitate and is unable to cope alone at home. It is coming up to the twins birthday and she is feeling low she said to myself that she doesnt think she tin be happy and s he always has bad luck. The other day she forgot she was readiness and burnt her forage and also has forgot she is suppose to be at employ . She has lost a lot of weight since she has been at home more sponsoring her husband. She has been a light smoker most of her life but when is not smoking a lot more.May is not the ladys real name it is used for confidentiality reasons. My first thoughts is that the patient could be express after the life events that make up occurred There are the daily pressures of give way and familiar life with her still grieving for her sons, indeed on give-up the ghost her husband is recently disabled. The build up potentiometer be the stressor she could suffer with burnout if she is accent for too long which could also lead back to depression. She is blaming immaterial forces her saying that she always has had bad luck.Her feelings and thoughts in the school principal is with her forgetting things, is this because she has other things on he r mind due to pressure and replacing her long term fund with new memories. Not m any(prenominal) of her needs get been met to reach a sense of wellbeing. Another thought is how would she cope with the agency in heap which way would she go, good or bad meaning action solution or palliative header. If the patient is makeled by others or feels disempowered then they could become increasingly helpless whereby they completely rely on others and depend on them to make decisions for them this could also Increase stress.This essay lead provide a definition of the term psychology and look at a design history of how psychology originated. It will handle mental theorizers and look at how their studies influenced how we heap psychological concepts today. The essay will relate how psychological studies and theories apprize inform nursing alimony. It will outline a selection of psychological approaches such as the biologic, humane and psychodynamic. It will discuss in get ahea d detail and focus upon the doingsist and cognitive approaches. It will then go on to explore how the expressions A and B stooge be explained in spite of appearance psychological guess.Observation A will apply the demeanorist approach to the office staff and stress to explore how this theory relates to the observation. It will discuss how a routine procedure could impact upon a individualistic and their behaviours. Observation B will utilise the cognitive approach and apply this to the experiences of a person experiencing nerve-wracking life challenges it will explore key issues such as heading and data treat. The concept of psychological science originated from philosophy and biology which are twain factors used in psychology today (Eysenck 2009).Psychology represents study of the mind ( tax income 2005). Psychology is a type of science which studies the behaviour of humans and animals, psychology tries to make why race behave in certain ways winning into consid e skunkion their thoughts and feelings (Eysenck 2009). The term psychology was founded from the Greek word, psyche which factor mind, somebody or spirit combined with the Latin word logos which means the study of (Gross 2005). Psychology dates back to ancient civilizations who were interested in kit and boodle of the the mind and behaviours (Payne and go-cart 2003).Wilhelm Wundt opened the first psychological laboratory in 1879 (Glassman 2008). Wundt and his co workers studied the structures that make up the mind, he was the first theorist to use psychology as a self conscious look into studying perceptions and conscious awareness (Gross 2005). Psychology is relevant to nurses and health financial aid professionals because both nurses and psychologists seek to understand the range of needs of an individual (Barker 2007). They also look at ways of adapting behaviours to make it achievable for the individual to carry through a sense of well being. Barker 2007). jibe to the NMC (2008) nursing focuses on the individual as a whole taking in their physical, psychological, genial or cultural needs rather than a specific saying of an individual. Psychology gives nurses an insight into human behaviour and flush toilet inform them when providing care for people (Payne and Walker 2003). There are certain psychological ground therapies in place such as person centred counselling and cognitive behavioural therapy to help people deal with anxiety and depression (Gross 2005).The biologic approach assumes that our individual behaviour and experiences happen because of the activity in the neuronic system (Glassman and Hadad 2004). Our central nervous system (CNS) is made up of neurons which are billions of nerve endings at heart the body (Glassman and Hadad 2004). According to this approach it is believed that a persons thoughts feelings and actions are caused by the CNS (Livingstone 2009). Charles Darwin (1809-1882) was the first to suggest that we should view behaviour from a biological perspective. He saw the importance of children resembling their arents and the variations in humans and how individuals inherit genes as a cause of evolution (Eysenck 2009). The humanistic approach concentrates on a persons individual perceptions and fellow feeling of their own actions (Payne and Walker 2003). Individuals have their own free will to take in how they act in situations(Gross 2005). Carl Rogers explored the theory of self concept (Gross 2005). He believed individuals are at their happiest when they have a positive regard of themselves, to achieve this status they must have an un breakal positive regard from other individuals (Payne and Walker 2003).If the individual does not have this they will not achieve a sense of worth. Abraham Maslow suggested the person centred theory of the hierarchy of needs ( 1943 cited Barker 2007). This suggests individuals have a responsibility to themselves to reach self actualization (Barker 2007). This theo ry is popular in the health profession because it looks at a person as a whole (Eysenck 2009). The psychodynamic approach suggests behaviour forms from our unconscious mind mind (Glassman and Hadad 2004). The forces in a persons personality motivate different types of behaviour for example the unconscious and subconscious (Glassman and Hadad 2004).Sigmund Freud influenced the psychodynamic approach through his psychoanalytic theory of personality (WJEC 2009). Behaviour can be influenced by three split of the mind Id, Ego and Superego (Gross 2005). Id is an impulsive part of an individuals personality, the Id influences canonical biological drives such as eating and drinking (Glassman and Hadad 2004) . The aim of Id is to get what you need at any cost to maintain raw material survival needs (WJEC 2009). The Ego is where individuals become rational, the ego balances the needs of the Id and Superego.The superego understands right from wrong, it rationalises behaviour that is learn t by parents and other surrounding influences (WJEC 2009). The ego will protect itself from undesirable thoughts for example painful memories can be pushed into the unconscious mind which can then be forgotten (Glassman and Hadad 2004). It is suggested behaviour is influenced by childhood experiences, enchantment in the stage of childhood the ego is not developed full to deal with a life event such as a traumatic experience (WJEC 2009).The behaviourist approach assumes the way we behave is the resolution of an experience, the approach looks at the surroundal stimuli which could be an experience and how this influences the way in which someone learns (Glassman and Hadad 2004). Watson researched ways in which this theory could be measured and observe (Glassman and Hadad 2004). One of his studies was the Little Albert whereby he thought children have three basic perceptional reactions fear, rage, and love. He wanted to prove these three reactions could be teach in children.Wats on used Albert to test his theory, He repeatedly presented Albert a rat in combination with a sudden, loud noise to continently condition fear (Gross 2005). ). Ivan Pavlov researched classical teach, while looking at the salivation of dogs he sight what he called psychic salivation (Gross 2005). This is where a dog would salivate before it was accustomed food (Gross 2005). Pavlov founded a basis for what we now call classical teach (Glassman and Hadad 2004). The theorist Skinner researched operant learn, one of his studies was a skinner case.A rat or pigeon would be studied doing certain tasks for example energy a lever in the box for a reward and then becoming condition (Gross 2005). There are two forms of conditioning classical and operant. Within classical conditioning an unconditioned resolution (UR) is when a response is not conditioned (Eysenck 2009). A neutral comment (NS) is the object which causes the UR (Gross 2005). The conditioned stimuli (CS) is an object whi ch is associated with the NS pairing these two together after a spot of attempts will soon create a conditioned response (CR) which would be classical conditioning (Eysenck 2009).If the CS is used by its self for a while the response will become extinct, after extinction it is possible to introduce the NS again and this creates spontaneous recovery (Eysenck 2009). In operant conditioning there are positive reinforces which are things given to strengthen the behaviour for example the rats used in the skinner box were given food every time they pushed the button (Gross 2005). A negative reinforce is something which is taken away to increase a behaviour (Glassman and Hadad 2004).Punishment is a form of a negative reinforce this could be something like a slap on the wrists for a child showing naughty behaviour this may firmness in a decrease of the response (Glassman and Hadad 2004) This essay will discuss how the behaviourist approach can be applied to observation A and how condition ing applies. Within classical conditioning the neutral comment and irresponsible input needs to be paired multiple times to achieve the conditioned response. If the patient in the observation viewed the pain as a traumatic experience then the neutral stimulant drug and unconditioned stimulus ill only need to be paired once to get the conditioned response. Before learning the neutral stimulus would be the needle and the unconditioned response would be the patient in distress. The unconditioned stimulus would be the pain so during the observation, the needle is the neutral stimulus which before would give the patient no response. because during the procedure the neutral stimulus (needle) gives the patient an unpleasant pain which is the unconditioned response. The next time the patients routine bloods were due when she saw the needle which is the conditioned stimulus it gave the patient distress which is the conditioned response.Applying the approach to the observation the patient appears to have been classically conditioned. This is because before the observation when the patient had the procedure they appeared fine. During the observation the patient appeared to experience pain which lead her to become distressed because of the discomfort. After the conditioning when the nurse came in the room the patient associated the procedure with the pain so was scared to have the procedure, she is showing signs of fear when associating needle and pain.Although the needle could be viewed as a NS the nurse also could be, because in the patients mind the nurse gave her the pain. Other factors could also incorporate conditioning such as the environment for example if the patient was hot and uncomfortable can also be a trigger for becoming distressed. The cognitive approach looks at the quality of the thought processes within the mind such as memory and information processing (Payne and Walker 2003). Cognitive psychologists are interested with brain thoughts that deline ate and cause different behaviour (Gross 2005).Until the 1990s the cognitive approach only assumed how information was stored in the brain (Glassman and Hadad 2004). More enhanced applied science including brain imaging techniques which helped psychologists and neuroscientists to map out brain function in coalition with behaviour (Payne and Walker 2003). Studies have shown that the relationships between thinking and languages can influence the way we think (Payne and Walker 2003). The information processing instance has broadened our understanding of memory and problem solving (Glassman and Hadad 2004).Cognitive psychologists see the human mind as an information processor we take the information from an environment and submit in our own way to produce behaviour (Glassman and Hadad 2004). The response forge of stress defines stress as the reactions of the person by the demands (Gross 2005). Stress can fall under 3 categories stress can be a stimulus, response or an interaction be tween an individual and its environment (Gross 2005). The categories of stress can correspond to the three models of stress (Cox 1978 cited in Gross 2005).Holmes and Rahe (1967 cited Eysenck 2009) developed the social readjustment rating scale (SRRS) to assess life events. They suggested that if a person has had many life events they are likely to be stressed (Gross 2005). Rotter (1966 cited Gross 2005) found that life events are more trying if their locus of harbour was external. An external locus of control means that their behaviour is guided by fate, luck or other external caboodle such as other people (Barker 2007). According to Martin Seligman (1967 cited in Gross 2005), learned impuissance can happen when individuals have no control over their life or situation.They begin to think they are helpless, people who have learned helplessness appear to miss the opportunities to help change their situation (Gross 2005). Walter Canon (1932) suggested the principle of the fend for or public life response, fight or flight means we prepare ourselves for attack harm or threat, when an individual is stressed the body reacts to make the fight or flight response (Gross 2005). According to Gross (2005) Hans Selye (1956) further developed this to create the general adaptation syndrome (GAS).GAS stands for the bodys way of defending against stress, individuals will act in response to any stressor in the same way within the body (Gross 2005). According to Gross (2005) coping means dealing with a situation to act and overcome a situation. Cohen and Lazarus (1979) classified different ways in which individuals cope (Eysenck 2009). Direct coping is when a person deals with the situation by changing, or removing the stressor. The individual looks at the situation to understand it, then if a similar stressor arises the individual can deal with it (Gross 2005).Emotion focused coping looks at trying to take away the off putting emotion to make the individual feel better for example ignoring the stress and doing something that makes the individual feel good (Gross 2005). Palliative coping is when the individuals turn to relief which is before long term they will change the natural environment for example alcoholic drink (Gross2005). When applying the cognitive approach to observation B, May appears to be stressed. The information processing model has taken the information from the stimulus which is Mays ife events which and see it into stress (Glassman and Hadad 2004). This applies to the information processing model because she is taking information from the environment and situation to interpret it in her own way formulating negative thoughts and behaviours (Gross 2005). She is responding to the events that have occurred in her life, for example her sons dying and her husband becoming recently disabled, she has had to try and balance her daily life demands and incorporate caring for her husband at the same time.When there is an imbalance it is lik ely stress can occur, this applies to May. According to the SRRS May has had many major life events which can cause her a high level of stress and she had already suffered with depression which is proved to be significant on the scale (Eysenck 2009). Mays locus of control is external, this is because according to May she does not think she will ever be happy again, and she has bad luck her emotions are low so her helplessness can result in stress (Barker 2007).May also maybe stressed due to the fight or flight response, this is because she is perceiving her life experiences and current situation as a threat (Gross 2005). May has not yet seen any opportunity to help herself from this stress she has not yet looked at a way of removing the stress if she stays in this situation she may have learned helplessness (Gross 2005). Applying to Mays way of coping, she appears to be palliative coping, this is because she has turned to unequal term relief such as smoking which is changing her in ternal environment (Gross 2005).In conclusion this essay has given a definition of psychology, It has soundless why psychology is relevant to the nursing profession. The essay has given an overview of the biological approach which assumes that persons behaviour happens because of the CNS. It has also given an overview of the humanistic approach which explains a person has their own perceptions and understanding of their actions, the approach is more relevant to nursing because it takes into consideration the whole aspects of a person to help achieve self actualisation.The essay has given an overview of the psychodynamic approach which suggests that behaviour forms from our unconscious mind. It has given an explanation of the behaviourist approach explaining classical and operant conditioning. Then given an overview of how this approach has applied to observation A, using classical conditioning. at last this essay has explained the cognitive approach relating it to the model of str ess & coping and explained how observation B can be demonstrated within the cognitive approach. References Barker. S. , 2007.Vital notes for nurses Psychology. Oxford Blackwell publishing. Glassman. W and Hadad. M. , 2004. Approaches to psychology. 4th edition. Buckingham open university press. Gross. R. , 2005. Psychology the Science of Mind and Behaviour. 5th edition. capital of the United Kingdom Green Gate. Livingstone. C. , 2009. Psychology and sociology applied to medicine. 3rd edition. London Harcourt publishers. Nursing and midwifery council. , 2008. The code. UK nursing midwifery council. Available from http//www. nmc-uk. org/Documents/Standards/The-code-A4-20100406. df accessed 14/02/12 Payne. S. and Walker. J. , 2003. Psychology for nurses and the caring professionals. Berkshire free-spoken university press. Royal College of Nursing. , 2003. P. 3, Defining Nursing. London The Royal College of Nursing. Available from http//www. rcn. org. uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/78 569/001998. pdf accessed 14/02/12 WJEC. , 2009. Psychology AS. Dublin Folens publishers. available from http//onlineclassroom. tv/files/posts/the_psychodynamic_approach_free_chapter/document00/WJEC_AS_Ch_03. pdf accessed 9/02/12